制冷系(xi)統(tong)節(jie)能設計(ji)存在的問題及(ji)完善措施
摘要：節(jie)能(neng)(neng)對于(yu)我國(guo)(guo)現代(dai)化(hua)建設來說,具有更重(zhong)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義。目前(qian),全(quan)國(guo)(guo)各地電力十分緊(jin)張,但所(suo)需能(neng)(neng)量(liang)也在(zai)迅速增長。因此,在(zai)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)設計中應注意(yi)改善圍護結構的(de)(de)(de)熱工性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)熱設備的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)溫性(xing)能(neng)(neng);空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統方案(an)要節(jie)約能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),充分回收能(neng)(neng)量(liang),并盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)利用(yong)天然(ran)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),同時采取自控節(jie)能(neng)(neng)等措施。在(zai)此介紹了空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)系統能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有效(xiao)利用(yong)和(he)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)幾個(ge)主要途徑。在(zai)空(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)領域,舒適和(he)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)成為當今建筑(zhu)、設計的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)課題,保(bao)護環境,利用(yong)自然(ran)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),削減能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)負荷(he),成為今后建筑(zhu)設計的(de)(de)(de)方向。
隨著我(wo)國國民(min)經濟的(de)發展(zhan)、人民(min)生活水(shui)平的(de)提高，空(kong)調技術已在(zai)國防、科研、工廠、醫院(yuan)、賓(bin)館、旅館、商店(dian)、辦公(gong)樓、影劇院(yuan)、住宅等建筑(zhu)中廣泛(fan)應用，從而使建筑(zhu)物的(de)總(zong)能耗逐年(nian)增長。
我國(guo)的節(jie)(jie)約能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)法中指(zhi)出，節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是指(zhi)加強用能(neng)(neng)(neng)的管(guan)理，采取技(ji)術可(ke)行、經濟合(he)理以及環(huan)境和(he)(he)社(she)會可(ke)以承擔的措施(shi)，減少從能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生產(chan)到(dao)消費各個環(huan)節(jie)(jie)巾的損失和(he)(he)浪費，更加有效、合(he)理地利(li)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)還包括再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)發利(li)用。
1 暖(nuan)通空調節能的重(zhong)要意義
隨(sui)著我國建(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅猛發(fa)展，建(jian)筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)不斷增加，建(jian)筑(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)已(yi)經占據社會(hui)總(zong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)27%以(yi)(yi)上，有(you)些地區已(yi)接近(jin)40%，且其(qi)(qi)總(zong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)呈(cheng)逐年上升(sheng)趨(qu)(qu)勢。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源總(zong)消費(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)已(yi)從(cong)20世紀70年末的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)10%，上升(sheng)到近(jin)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)27%～48%，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)2/3為(wei)暖(nuan)(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)所(suo)消耗(hao)(hao)。隨(sui)著城市化(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加快和人民(min)生活質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)善，暖(nuan)(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)得以(yi)(yi)廣泛應用(yong)，用(yong)于暖(nuan)(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)也將進(jin)一步(bu)增大(da)，這勢必造成(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源供(gong)求矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一步(bu)激化(hua)。根據暖(nuan)(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究成(cheng)果，現(xian)有(you)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)是(shi)驚人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但如果采取相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術，使現(xian)有(you)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)20%～50%是(shi)完全可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。因(yin)此，在(zai)暖(nuan)(nuan)通空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)考慮節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，意(yi)義十分重大(da)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)新(xin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)問題(ti)是(shi)影(ying)響空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)是(shi)否節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)方面，新(xin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)過多會(hui)增加其(qi)(qi)負荷，進(jin)而增加電(dian)耗(hao)(hao)，處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)過少(shao)則會(hui)影(ying)響空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，因(yin)此針對(dui)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)環境做好送風(feng)(feng)(feng)溫度和新(xin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)非常有(you)利于節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。用(yong)變速(su)泵和變速(su)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機替代調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)閥(fa)，減少(shao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)部消耗(hao)(hao)，提高整(zheng)機效率。或者采用(yong)變流量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)技術，根據空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)負荷改(gai)變水流量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)或風(feng)(feng)(feng)流量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，從(cong)而達到節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效果。盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)對(dui)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)行優化(hua)設(she)計(ji)，在(zai)既要(yao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，又要(yao)保證室內(nei)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣品質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)可(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)置換式送風(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、冷(leng)輻射(she)吊頂系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、結合冰蓄(xu)冷(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低溫送風(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、蒸發(fa)冷(leng)卻和去(qu)濕(shi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)及免費(fei)(fei)(fei)供(gong)冷(leng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)等。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)特點之一是(shi)大(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)余熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費(fei)(fei)(fei)。從(cong)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)考慮，將系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)需排掉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余熱(re)(re)移向需要(yao)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方是(shi)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)趨(qu)(qu)勢。一種(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式采用(yong)熱(re)(re)輪(lun)回收余熱(re)(re)，它由多孔和高比(bi)熱(re)(re)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料制成(cheng)，有(you)轉盤式和轉鼓式兩類結構形式。 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